Heat and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
	Heat and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 		Although we learned in the first law that the total amount of energy, including heat, is conserved in an isolated system, it is not possible to use the energy in a system with 100% efficiency. 
	Heat and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 		Heat
			“Thermal” energy
			Kinetic energy of atoms and molecules
			Moves from warmer to cooler object
			Measured in calories
				Amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of room temperature water by 1° Celsius
	Heat and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 		Heat transfer
 			Conduction
				Transfer of heat through collisions of atoms and electrons
			Convection
				Motion of a mass of fluid where warmer atoms are transported from one place to another
			Radiation
				Infrared energy that travels across space until absorbed by an object and converted into kinetic energy of molecules
	Heat and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 		Temperature
			A measurement that reflects how vigorously atoms are moving and colliding in a material
		Three temperature scales
			Fahrenheit
			Celsius
			Kelvin
		Absolute zero
			Temperature at which there is no motion of atoms
	Heat and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
  		Restrictions on the way heat and other energy can be transferred or used
		Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold to hot body
		You cannot construct an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work
		Every isolated system becomes more disordered with time